Definitions of the subpopulations (groups): Gender Gender classification is obtained from school records. Race/ethnicity Results are presented for students of different racial/ethnic groups based on the students' self-identification of race/ethnicity according to five mutually exclusive categories: White, Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaskan Native. Parents' Highest Level of Education Students are asked to indicate the extent of schooling for each of their parents—did not finish high school, graduated from high school, had some education after high school, or graduated from college. In grades 8 and 12, students are asked to select the appropriate response to one overall question for each parent. In grade 4, students are asked to respond to a series of three yes/no questions for each parent. In all cases, the response indicating the higher level of education is selected for reporting. Type of School NAEP results are available by both public and nonpublic schools, depending on assessment year and jurisdiction. Region of the Country Regional results are generated for four geographic regions of the nation—Northeast, Southeast, Central, and West—defined as shown in the following list. Neither the Department of Defense Domestic Dependents Elementary and Secondary Schools (DDESS), the Department of Defense Dependents Schools-Overseas (DoDDS), American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas, Puerto Rico, nor the Virgin Islands are associated with a region. Regional results are based on national assessment samples, not on aggregated state assessment samples. Thus, the regional results are based on a sample that is different and separate from that used to report state results.       Northeast: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine,       Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,       Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia (DC metropolitan       statistical area only)       Southeast: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,       Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,       Virginia (other than DC metro area), West Virginia       Central: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,       Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin       West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,       Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah,       Washington, Wyoming Type of Location Results are provided for students attending schools in three mutually exclusive location types—central city, urban fringe/large town, and rural/small town—as defined below. The type of location variable is defined in such a way as to indicate the geographical location of a student's school. The intention is not to indicate or imply social or economic meanings for these location types. The type of location variable, on which the current NAEP sampling is based, does not support the reporting of regional results. Therefore, only state and national results are presented for this variable.       Central City: The Central City category includes central cities of all       Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Central City is a geographic       term and is not synonymous with "inner city."       Urban Fringe/Large Town: An Urban Fringe includes all densely       settled places and areas within MSAs that are classified as urban       by the Bureau of the Census. A Large Town is defined as places       outside MSAs with a population greater than or equal to 25,000.       Rural/Small Town: Rural includes all places and areas with a       population of less than 2,500 that are classified as rural by the       Bureau of the Census. A Small Town is defined as places outside       MSAs with a population of less than 25,000 but greater than or       equal to 2,500. Title I Participation Based on available school records, students were classified as either currently participating in a Title I program or receiving Title I services, or as not receiving such services. The classification applies only to the school year when the assessment was administered and is not based on participation in previous years. If the school did not offer any Title I programs or services, all students in that school are classified as not participating. Eligibility for the Free/Reduced-Price Lunch Program Based on available school records, students are classified as either currently eligible or not currently eligible for the free/reduced-price lunch component of the Department of Agriculture's National School Lunch Program. The classification refers only to the school year in which the assessment was administered and is not based on eligibility in previous years. If school records are not available, the student is classified as "Information not available." If the school does not participate in the program, all students in that school are classified as "Information not available." Within Achievement Level Based on their scale scores, students are also classified into a single achievement level—either Advanced, Proficient, Basic, or below Basic. Students with Disabilities (SD) Based on available school records, students are classified as either SD or non-SD. Students with disabilities are students with an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or receive Sec. 504 services (Rehabilitation Act of 1973). Limited English Proficient (LEP) Based on available school records, students are classified as LEP or non-LEP. LEP students are nonnative speakers of English whose proficiency in English has not developed to the point where he or she can fully participate in an English-only instructional environment.