States receiving federal Title I funds are required to participate in biennial NAEP reading and mathematics assessments in grades 4 and 8. National NAEP has always been administered using NAEP field staff; until recently, state NAEP was administered by the individual states, typically using teachers or other school-based personnel. For the first time in 2002, state NAEP was administered by NAEP field staff. Because NAEP is now administered by NAEP field staff, the national sample has been combined with the state sample in reading, science, writing, and mathematics. (Note: For other than reading and mathematics, adjustments may be required for non-participating states.) Test booklets for assessed subjects are spiraled together so that students do not have to be assessed in separate classrooms. Test booklets for field tests and special studies are also spiraled together.